Main Article Content
Abstract
The steady depletion of non-renewable energy (fossil fuel) and its environmental concerns has made biodiesel one of the promising alternative fuels to meet energy demands, leading to increased production. However, using certain crops such as palm fruit (palm oil) for biofuel production contributes to food shortage in the global market. Hence, attention has been focused on the use of non-food raw materials and by-products such as vegetable waste oils. This study comparatively determined the suitability of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil (WCO) and palm kernel oil (PKO) as alternative fuels, considering their acid value, viscosity, free fatty acid (FFA), biodiesel yield, and density. The reaction was carried out at 65 °C with a residence time of 90 mins for both oils. The PKO yielded 67.44 % biodiesel as compared to 53.82 % for WCO. At 40 °C, the viscosity of the WCO biodiesel was 38 % higher than the viscosity of the PKO; however, both met the required American Standard for Testing Materials (ASTM) and European standards for biofuels. The PKO showed the highest reduction in acid value by 98.1 %. The densities for the biodiesels were 0.90 mg/mL for WCO and 0.89 mg/mL for PKO. The PKO biodiesel showed better characteristics than WCO biodiesel, making it a better alternative and blend fuel for conventional diesel fuel. However, WCO biodiesel has the potential to fully replace petroleum diesel as it meets most of the required standards and reduces the competition between food and fuel.
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References
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References
Acheampong, E. and Campion, B. B. (2013). Socio-economic impact of biofuel feedstock production on local livelihoods in Ghana. Ghana Journal of Geography, 5, pp. 1–16, https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3133.5048
Aladetuyi, A., Olatunji, G. A., Ogunniyi, D. S., Odetoye, T. E. and Oguntoye, S. O. (2014). Production and characterization of biodiesel using palm kernel oil; fresh and recovered from spent bleaching earth. Biofuel Research Journal, 4, pp. 134–138. Available at https://
www.biofueljournal.com/article_7354_8a8a422f7fd98a8ee894b56a6f75554a.pdf [Accessed: 14 June 2021]
Anisah, P. M., Suwandi and Agustian, E. (2019). Effect of transesterification on the result of waste cooking oil conversion to biodiesel. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1170, 012067. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1170/1/012067
ASTM. (2002). Standard specification for biodiesel fuel (b100) blend stock for distillate fuels.
Atadashi, I. M., Aroua, M. K., Abdul Aziz, A. R. and Sulaiman, N. M. N. (2013). The effects of catalysts in biodiesel production: A review. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 19(1), pp. 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2012.07.009
BS EN 14214:2012. (2012). Liquid petroleum products - fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for use in diesel engines and heating applications - Requirements and test methods.
Energy Commission. (2010). Energy Commission draft bioenergy policy for Ghana. Available at https://cleancooking.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/69-1.pdf [Accessed: 20 July 2021]
Gnanaprakasam, A., Sivakumar, V. M., Surendhar, A., Thirumarimurugan, M. and Kannadasan, T. (2013). Recent strategy of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil and process influencing parameters: a review. Journal of Energy, 2013, pp. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/926392
Hannu Jääskeläinen. (2009). Biodiesel standards and properties. DieselNet Fuel Guide. Available at https://
dieselnet.com/tech/fuel_biodiesel_std.php [Accessed: 28
June 2021]
Hoang, A. T. (2021). Prediction of the density and viscosity of
biodiesel and the influence of biodiesel properties on a
diesel engine fuel supply system. Journal of Marine Engineering and Technology, 20(5), pp. 299–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/20464177.2018.1532734
Kemausuor, F., Akowuah, J. O. and Ofori, E. (2013). Assessment of feedstock options for biofuels production in ghana. journal of sustainable bioenergy systems, 03(02), pp. 119–128. https://doi.org/10.4236/jsbs.2013.32017
Maggio, G. and Cacciola, G. (2012). When will oil, natural gas, and coal peak? Fuel, 98, pp. 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.03.021
Nasreen, S., Nafees, M., Qureshi, L. A., Asad, M. S., Sadiq, A. and Ali, S. D. (2018). Review of catalytic transesterification methods for biodiesel production. In Biofuels - State of Development. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75534
NguyenThi, T., Bazile, J.-P. and Bessières, D. (2018). Density measurements of waste cooking oil biodiesel and diesel blends over extended pressure and temperature ranges. Energies, 11(5), pp. 1212. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051212
Oliphant, E., Finlay, M., Simon, A. C. and Arbic, B. K. (2018). Biofuels: beneficial or bad? should a ghanaian chief sell his land for biofuel crop cultivation? Sustainability: The Journal of Record, 11(1), pp. 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1089/sus.2018.29121.eo
Owen, N. A., Inderwildi, O. R. and King, D. A. (2010). The status of conventional world oil reserves—Hype or cause for concern? Energy Policy, 38(8), pp. 4743–4749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.02.026
Rahadianti, E. S., Yerizam, Y. and Martha, M. (2018). Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry, 3(3), pp. 77–82. https://doi.org/10.24845/ijfac.v3.i3.77
Refaat, A. A., Attia, N. K., Sibak, H. A., El Sheltawy, S. T. and ElDiwani, G. I. (2008). Production optimization and quality assessment of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(1), pp. 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325999
Romano, S. D. and Sorichetti, P. A. (2011). Dielectric spectroscopy in biodiesel production and characterization.
Springer London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-519-4
Sanli, H., Canakci, M. and Alptekin, E. (2011). Characterization of Waste frying oils obtained from different facilities.
conference: world renewable energy congress – Sweden. Bioenergy Technology. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/
publication/269131597_Characterization_of_Waste_Frying_Oils_Obtained_from_Different_Facilities [Accessed: 20 July2021]
Singh, J. and Gu, S. (2010). Biomass conversion to energy in India—A critique. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(5), pp. 1367–1378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.01.013
Udeh, B. A. (2017). Biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil (Sunflower) obtained from fried chicken and plantain. Journal of Petroleum and Environmental Biotechnology, 08(02). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000321
Witono, Y., Siti Windrati, W., Taruna, I., Afriliana, A. and Assadam, A. (2014). Characteristics and sensory analysis of ketchup and sauce products from ‘Bibisan’ Fish Hydrolyzate. American Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2(6), pp. 203–208. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajfst-2-6-6
Worldwide Fuel Charter Committee. (2009). Biodiesel guidelines From the worldwide fuel charter committee. Available at https://www.acea.auto/files/ 20090423_B100_Guideline.pdf [Accessed: 15 August 2021]